IR spectroscopy of cigarette smoke

IR spectroscopic analysis of rump smokeIn this experiment the constituents of cig bette smoke in undisclosed checks A and B were analysed exploitation Fourier infrared emission spectroscopy (FTIR). The smoke from the cigarettes of both brands were interrogatoryed comparing both the levels of century monoxide and methane between both brands and the difference in concentration of these constituents in both the filtered and unfiltered of sever onlyy of the cigarette brands. The results of this study showed that brand B filtered smoke had less carbon monoxide than brand B unfiltered smoke as well Brand A cigarette smoke which seemed to have relatively the same amount of carbon monoxide in both unfiltered smoke as well as having considerably more carbon monoxide than brand B.IntroductionFourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy is a form of IR spectroscopy which is most commonly referred to as FTIR spectroscopy and is used in analysis of the molecular constituents in a prove that is being polished. Infra red radiation is passed through the sample which hits some of the molecular constituents in the sample which either absorbs the energy or is transmitted back while some radiation completely misses the molecules altogether. This then shows the presence of a substance with absorption peaks which are consistent with frequencies of vibrations between the bail bonds and the atoms that make up the substance as the data is collected and processed. The amount of the particular constituents can also be picked up using the size of each peak on the display. 4Infrared Spectroscopy has been used extensively over the past few years as a operator of getting accurate data of samples that are being analysed for their chemical constituents. This software has the ability to recognise every single chemical constituent in a sample that has passed through a spectrometer which is held together by chemical bond, however this means that this particular method also has its limitation s as it cannot process monatomic swaggeres as the atoms in the gas do not form a chemical bonds with each other given that IR spectrometer measures the vibrational energies of the bond lengths it will not show up on the final spectra.IR spectroscopy has further limitations which involve the speed of the processing of the data where each was processed separately Ft-IR spectroscopy was developed to address this problem by collecting each(prenominal) the frequencies simultaneously. This was achieved by adding a new device to the original IR spectrometer which is known as interferometer. This device is responsible for taking the signal picked by the IR radiation and converting it into a new signal which is now encoded. This process again is very fast as it is measured to an order of one second. 4 Unfortunately this signal cannot be interpreted until it is converted once more by the Inferogram, this is sodding(a) by a mathematical technique known as Fourier Transformation which is p erformed by the software which then displays the spectra.ExperimentalBefore the experiment was carried verboten the FTIR forge was calibrated according to the measurement of the wavenumber to ensure the accuracy of each trial that was carried out. This was done by using trace expansions where the band centres were estimated to be within 0.1 cm-1 which is closely a tenth of the resolution. 2Prior to the actual measurements were taken a background spectra was taken with a full cell of air as a control condition for the experiment. once this had been done at least three times to ensure accurate data the vacuum line was connected to the cell by the quick fit adapter.The process was commenced by ensuring all five taps on the pump were closed and turned all the way round, clockwise. Then glass woolen was packed into the pipette bulb with care using tweezers to make a cigarette holder. The cigarette was inserted into the holder and the pump was switched on. Both taps one and both we re opened (see figure 1). The chosen cigarette for that particular trial was then lit, (for unfiltered cigarettes both Cigarettes brands A and B filters were cut off with a pair of scissors). wiretap three was then slowly turned so that it was only slightly opened for just one second which allowed air to flow through the cable car and in that locationfore causing the cigarette to burn much more energetically. To ensure that as much sample that could be obtained from the smoke was made possible, a stewing tube was placed over the burning cigarette to collect the smoke that was given off from the burning cigarette butt which is then trapped in the gas cell ready for analysis. Taps 1 was then closed and tap 2 was opened to allow cigarette smoke to pass into the gas cell. Tap 2 was then closed followed straight after that by tap 1. The cigarette was then stubbed out the cell was detached from the vacuum line. Once the sample was analysed by the FT-IR Spectrometer the gas cell was ev acuated by being placed in a dessicator. The gas line was also evacuated by bout off the tap for the pump and then venting the gas by turning taps 1 and 4. 2This procedure was carried out four times to test both filtered and unfiltered brands A and B to obtain 1275 spectra for each trial.Filtered Cigarette smoke A in (cm-1) CO (1985, 2325), CH4 (1275, 1675), OH (3000, 3625), CH3CHO (2250, 2525) Benzene (625) 57Unfiltered Cigarette smoke A in (cm-1) CO (2150, 2200), CH4 (1275, 1675), OH (3000, 3625), CH3CHO (2250, 2525) Benzene (625) 57Filtered Cigarette smoke B in (cm-1) CO (2150, 2200), CH4 (1275, 1675), OH (3000, 3625), CH3CHO (2250, 2525) Benzene (625)Unfiltered Cigarette smoke B in (cm-1) CO (2150, 2200), CH4 (1275, 1675), OH (3000, 3625), CH3CHO (2250, 2525) Benzene (625) 57 word and ConclusionIt seems that the overall data that was produced shows that filtered cigarette B smoke was the most harmless cigarette smoke in comparison to its unfiltered counterpart and both the filt ered and unfiltered brand A cigarette smoke as it had the lowest levels of carbon monoxide. Even though there were very small errors in the analysis of the data there are still limitations with FT-IR spectrometer such as the large stretches of water which strongly absorbs infra red radiation over other molecules and also the fuss of pin pointing exactly what each of the chemicals were according to the complex stretches that were displayed on the spectra produced.However the overall advantages are the speed at which the trials are run as all the frequencies are measured simultaneously rather than separately. The FT-IR is also self calibrating therefore so not have to be constantly calibrated by the drug user ensuring controlled data. 4 The Spectrometer also does not require a vacuum as the IR radiations is not absorbed by either oxygen or nitrogen.This is why this particular form of analysis is used worldwide in analysis of subastances as IR radiation can be absorbed in all three ph ases (Solid, Liquid and Gaseous states) therefore making it an accurate and versatile method.AcknowledgementsMy heartfelt gratitude extends to Sam Finlayanson, Lewis Alan Edwards5 for allowing me to use their spectra as part of my results so that I am able to write a complete analysis on the experiment. I would also like to thank Mr Douglas Hamilton for his helpful advice and kind support while carrying out the analysis on pgopher and finally the staff of Bristol Chem labs.ReferencesIntra-puff CO and CO2 measurements of cigarettes with iron oxide cigarette paper using quantum cascade laser spectroscopy, Danielle R.Crawforda, Milton E. Parrisha, Diane L. Geea and Charles N. HarwardDLM manualDiagram produced on paint by Miss Abira Sri SatkunasinghamThermo Nicolet pamphlet Introduction to Fourier Transform Infrared SpectrometrySam Finlayanson, Lewis Alan Edwards spectraAbira Sri Satkunasingham experiment calculations and results (spectra)NIST Web book ( for identifying the stretches)F ormation and Analysis of nose candy Monoxide in Cigarette Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke Adams, J.D., Hoffman, D. Wynder, E.Determination of Particle-Size Distribution and Concentration of Cigarette Smoke by a Light-Scattering Method TAKASHI OKADA AND KAZUKO MATSUNUMA Central Research Institute, lacquer Monopoly Corporation, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227, JapanPuff-by-puff and intrapuff analysis of cigarette smoke using infrared spectroscopy by Milton E. Parrish, Jim L. Lyons-Hart and Kenneth H. ShaferTHE HITRAN MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE AND HAWKS (HITRAN ATMOSPHERIC WORKSTATION) 1996 EDITIONFundamentals of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy By Brian C. Smith